Jan. 16, 2020
Jan. 10, 2020
Posted by: Scott Trimble
Nov. 25, 2019
The rate of post-harvest respiration is one of the primary physiological processes monitored during storage, transport, handling, sorting, and sales to ensure the quality of fresh produce and to cut losses. Measuring levels of oxygen is one of the methods used to assess respiration. There are many methods of gas analysis that are used in both research and practice to plan and maintain the optimal post-harvest atmosphere.
To ensure the quality of stored fruits and vegetables post-harvest and to extend storage time, levels of the following three gases are important: oxygen, carbon dioxide, and ethylene. Though they are all connected, the role of each of these gases in fruit physiology is different and determines what levels of each should be maintained in post-harvest.
Figure 1: (Image credits: FAO, http://www.fao.org/3/T0073E/T0073E06.GIF)
Respiration in fruit continues even after they are harvested. Respiration, or breathing, is the process by which living things take in oxygen to breakdown carbohydrates. As shown in the equation below, carbon dioxide is one of the end products, along with water vapor and heat, as shown in the equation below:
Carbohydrates + O2 ► CO2 + H2O + Energy
When respiration occurs in harvested produce, it uses stored starch and sugar which leads to aging, shrivelling, and decay of produce. Before harvest, respiration losses to fruit mass are offset by photosynthesis in leaves, which keeps manufacturing new food and adds starch and sugar (See Figure 1).
The normal concentration of oxygen in the air is twenty percent, and when oxygen concentration decreases, it reduces the rate of respiration. This principle is used to reduce oxygen during storage of vegetables and fruits to decrease respiration and thereby extend storage time.
It has been established that the respiration rate decreases only when the level of oxygen falls below five percent.
It is not advisable to decrease oxygen content completely. In the absence of oxygen, anaerobic respiration begins in the fruit, which results in fermentation. Sugar changes to alcohol and carbon dioxide which produces unpleasant flavors and alters the texture, affecting the quality of fruit. Anaerobic respiration uses stored sugar and starch much faster than normal respiration and, therefore, causes premature aging of produce. In the end, this reduces storage time more than normal respiration.
The anaerobic compensation point (ACP) is the point when oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide production is at a minimum. To prevent fermentation, oxygen levels should be maintained above this level. See Table 1 for recommendations on general storage atmospheric conditions.
Figure 2: Respiration levels fall when oxygen concentrations drop below 5% in the atmosphere. (Image credits: https://www.postharvest.net.au/postharvest-fundamentals/atmosphere/oxygen-and-carbon-dioxide/)
Post-harvest fresh fruit and vegetable respiration can be affected by temperature, gas composition, wounding, and pest attacks. The variety of fruit will also influence how long it can be stored and under which conditions.
Therefore, it is important to measure the level of oxygen precisely to be able to maintain the perfect medium between too much or too little oxygen.
Table 1: “Recommended storage conditions for some non-respiring and respiring food products (Lioutas, 1988).” (Image credits: DOI: 10.21273/HORTTECH.2.3.303).
One mode of modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) is artificially maintaining low levels of oxygen. On the contrary, another kind of MAP currently being tried involves using high levels of oxygen.
Since the mid-1990s, research has been exploring the possibilities of using high levels of oxygen (up to eighty to ninety percent of the atmosphere) in packaging to preserve vegetables. There are many reasons this method is gaining interest; some of them are as follows:
Atmospheres with eighty percent oxygen, with or without carbon dioxide, have been established as good for vegetables and fruits.
High oxygen packaging is also being investigated for packaging of non-respiring food, such as poultry products, instead of high carbon dioxide and nitrogen, to control food spoilage due to the growth of bacteria and fungus.
Control systems are being developed that can regulate not only oxygen but also other important gases, as well as temperature and humidity. Here, precise tools for research and later in practice are important.
The most common methods used to control respiration rates by measuring oxygen are gas chromatography, electrochemical and infrared gas analyzers, wireless sensor networks, and portable gas analyzers.
In contrast to portable gas analyzers, the other methods require large equipment, varying degrees of sample preparations, and lengthy procedures. While they may be available in research laboratories, they are expensive and require expertise to operate.
Felix Instruments produces many portable gas analyzers that avoid these problems. Their devices measure oxygen electrochemically, from zero to one hundred percent. Besides room atmospheres, they can be used to measure air within pacakaging. An accessory thin metal probe pierces packaging to read gas content.
The readings are available within seconds, and they have a data logger that stores data with date and time. They have WiFi and Bluetooth for quick data transfer.
The portable devices that Felix Instruments have produced are simple enough for use at any point in the supply chain, with little or no training. Accurate readings are given in real time. These qualities are increasing their use not just in the supply chain, but also in research. Scientists and innovators are constantly working to improve packaging and storage conditions to decrease fresh produce loss. Felix devices are, thus, aiding research and practical operations in the food industry to improve food delivery.
---
Vijayalaxmi Kinhal
Science Writer, CID Bio-Science
Ph.D. Ecology and Environmental Science, B.Sc Agriculture
Sources
Annette Wszelaki, A., Yehoshua, S. B., & Mitcham, B. (1999). Do High Oxygen Atmospheres Control Postharvest Decay of Fruits and Vegetables. Perishables Handling Quarterly Issue, 99:22-25. Retrieved from http://ucce.ucdavis.edu/files/datastore/234-74.pdf
FAO. 4.7 Respiration. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/3/T0073E/T0073E02.htm
Mohamed, F., Landry, J. & Raghavan, V. (2003). Development and testing of an automated infrared gas analysis system for postharvest respiration study. Applied Engineering in Agriculture. 19. doi: 10.13031/2013.13656.
Leon, G. & Herman, P. (1992). Modified Atmosphere and Vacuum Packaging to Extend the Shelf Life of Respiring Food Products. HortTechnology. 2. DOI: 10.21273/HORTTECH.2.3.303
Liu, Z., Yan, C., Wang, X., & Han, X. (2011). Design for Real-Time Monitoring System of High Oxygen Modified Atmosphere Box of Vegetable and Fruit for Preservation. In D. Li, Y. Liu, and Y. Chen (Eds.): CCTA 2010, Part I, IFIP AICT 344:472–475. Retrieved from https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/978-3-642-18333-1_55.pdf
Løkke, M.M., Seefeldt, H.F., Edwards, G., & Green, O. (2011). Novel Wireless Sensor System for Monitoring Oxygen, Temperature and Respiration Rate of Horticultural Crops
Post Harvest. Sensors, 11:8456-8468; doi:10.3390/s110908456
Postharvest Management of Vegetables. Oxygen and carbon dioxide. Retrieved from https://www.postharvest.net.au/postharvest-fundamentals/atmosphere/oxygen-and-carbon-dioxide/
Rossaint, S., Klausmann, S., Kreyenschmidt, J. (2015). Effect of high-oxygen and oxygen-free modified atmosphere packaging on the spoilage process of poultry breast fillets, Poultry Science, 94:93–103. doi: https://doi.org/10.3382/ps/peu001
Thewesa, F. R., Botha, V., Brackmann, A., Weber, A., & Anesea, R. O. (2015). Dynamic controlled atmosphere and ultralow oxygen storage on ‘Gala’ mutants quality maintenance. Food Chemistry, 188: 62-70. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.04.128
Woodford, C. (2019, Sept 14). Chromatography. Retrieved from https://www.explainthatstuff.com/chromatography.html
(Image credits: FAO, http://www.fao.org/3/T0073E/T0073E06.GIF)
